Wind compensator for aircraft guns



July 13,1s26. L592501 C. L. PAULUS ET AL WIND COMPENSATOH FOR AIRCRAFT GUNS Filed May 12', 1925 2 sheets-sheet 1 i Bmw/ ATTO -f July 13,1926. 1,592,501

c. L. PAuLus Er AL WIND COMPENSATOR 'FOR AIRCRAFT GNS Filed May l2, 1925 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR C//HfLe-s L @mb/.f

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25 body.

convenient adjustment for the rest to adapt.-

30' panvingdraw-ings in whichm l,592,5dl

WIND CGIYI'PENSATQR FR AlRCRAFT GUNS..

Application 1ed= lYIaylZ, 1925. Serial No. 28,70%

This invention relates to Wind compen-` sators for the flexible gunsoi aircraft or other fast moving bases, -for counterbalancing the effect of the slipstream upon the `rotation of the gun and mount.

The principal objecto the invention is to provide a Wind compensator ofan ex@ tremely compact construction, consuming the. least possible room in the'rather con- 10, lined Working space of' the gunners cockpit.

'Another object of the invention is to provide resisting mechanism for vthe compen-l sator of improved forno which operates in sach a Way 'ne bindingv etl'ect occurs between the movable and 'fixed rings of the gun mount due to the counter-balancing force exerted by the compensator.

Still another object ofV the invention is to provide a compensator of a forni especially adaptable for providing a body rest for the gunner as this has been found to be prac-` toally essential to the easy actuation ol the gun with its mount, since the gun is maneuv-V eled with a twisting trunk movement of the An additional feature resides in a the device to the requirement or preference, of. different gunners.

The invention is illustrated the accom` Eig. l is a plan view of; the layout of a gunners cockpit showing the ring mount With the gun thereon and our improved coinpensator and body rest.

Fig. 2 is a view efthe resisting means of the compensator disassembled from the de.- vieeand showing the relation of the ring gear therewith, which is turned in the orien-V tation ofthe gun and its mount.

Fig. 3, is a sectional detail taken on the line of Fig. 2.

Fig. l is a plan View,y partly in section, of

. the compensator and body'rest on the ring mount. and 5. is an enlarged vertical cross section of the compensator taken on the line Eil-f5 of Fig. 4.

The sections in each case are taken looking in the direction of the small arrows:

Flexible aircraft guns as used by the Air Service of the U. S. Army and Navy are capable of movement with the ring mount, for universal orientation and to be elevated or depressed as desired by the gunner. The elevation and depression ofthe, gun is usually counterbalanced by suitablemeans and the present invention is conined to other means 'for counterbalancing the torcev of; theslipstream which tends to rotate the gun tothe rear when the gun is given a lateral deflection; The loads imposed upon the gun by the slipstream make .it practically im: possible. to rotate, the gun with its mount` Without auxiliary help.; rThe compensator. is therefore provided generating a counter balancing force opposed to. that `of the slipstream,'which is amaXimum when the gun is broadside and of zero value when the gun is. pointed dead fore or aft.

Thecompensator .of our invention is llustrated in Fig. l mounted on a ring'mount. l() diametrically opposite the aircraft gun 1l with its flexibley carriage 12. The colnf pensator indicated by the numeral 13 is constructed, as will hereinafter appear, to provide a body rest or a support for 4an ad?. instable body rest, le, which the gunner rests against as he holds the spade grip l5,- o the gun 11 and defiects the gun by turns ing the same with its mount with a twisting; trunk' movement of his body.

The compensator comprises a main drive. gear 16; of the pin gear type which projects vertically through an Opening 17 in the'uph per movable ring 18. of the ring mount 10, for meshing engagement in a series of cire cular holes'll provided in the lower fixed ring 20 ofthe ring mount. The gear 16 is lined to a shaft 2l received suitably in anti?. friction bearings 22 in a housing` 2 3 sup. ported on the upper movable ring 18 in a manner `liereinaft'er to be described.v The shaft 2l has integral therewith, at its inner end, a pinion 2,4 serving as an internal gear meshing with the internalgear of the ring gear 25.A The gear 2o is in parallel relation' with the gear 16 and closely alongside the saine so as toconsume the least possible space measured radially of the circular en.n closure ofthe ring 10. lt is integral With a stud 2,6 received in suitable antiriction bearTA ings 27 in the housing 23. The gear 25 also has integral with it an eccentric crankpin 28 on its inner face, which carries a roller 29 which rides normally on the arcuate cam1 face 3 0 of a follower 31 reciprocable inside the cover 32 of the housing 23. The fol-y levier 3l is integral with a casing; 33 Whichconstitutes one abutment for a pluralityfot coiled compressionv springs 34 inside 'the cover 32. Y

.The Yfollower i 31 and ycasing-32'constitute v'serveto position the springs alongside one 'Y p the vfact that the full loading'of the springs v is accomplishedfat 180 from the position of f the pin 28 shownin Fig. 2. The'full loadfilsv Vrvholesinfthe projectingv endsof the rodsr38.,

gear 25.V The springs V34 'bear against anA equalizing bar 35 pivoted atY its midpoint as shown atV 36 in the end of the casing 33. Suitable studs 37 projecting-.from the bar 35V another. The opposite end of the cover 32 constitutes thev other abutment for the springsf34-and at Vthis point Yaf seriesof rods 38 Vare provided to prevent the buckling of the springs 34 under load. These rods arev Vsuitably held invplace-by awire Y39 lpassing vthrough holes Yin lugs 4OJandv registering The springs34ywh'en vassembledin the covery ofthe housing-.23 are V.placedunder initial.V compression:approximating a total compres-A` sion loadV of about six hundred :pounds for'4 Vall ofthe Ysprings together.Y The? springs hold vthe follower 3l inclose contact'with',

the rollerY 29 ,on the pin 28, even in the least compressed condition. of the' *springs7 due to the-initial compression referred to. The `initial compression also serves,to secure the cover 32fin assembled relation-to the housing 23.- f The Vrcover 32 has va quickly detachable lconnection with the housingp23 Aby lugs-41 which have inclined faces co-operatingwith Vthe inclined facesoflugs 42 provided on theV Vhousing 23. Normally the springs serve yieldingly'to urgethe vcover to the: right as seenin Figs. 2 and 4 and the :follower 31 tothe left as seen in Fig.. 2. Provisionis made for relieving the'load of the springs to permit relative movement of the cover 32 on the housing 23 to the leftl as seen in Fig.

' right,4 thus enabling the followerl to move cient Vamount Vto allow the lugs ".41 to' ber 4 to enable the removal thereof. A rotatable cam 43 is provided -in the Vone -endjof the cover 32 which is provided with an operating lever 44 on its outer vend operable from the outside of the casing. vIn thefposition of: thecam'showing lin Fig. 3 the movable" 'abutmenty for the springszis movedjtothe clear Vof the roller 29 'on thefpin 28 a suimoved clear ofthe lugs l42,so that thev cover can be removed.'y An advantage of this construction. is obviously that'V no fastenings re- Vquiring wrenches or screw. drivers are pro-` videdand the'easy assemblingand disassem- A blin'gof the compensator in service'is enfacilitated;v` 1 f Y `The arrangement. described V'provides for Va maximum counterba-lancing force to coun.-

abled and inspection and `maintenance are teract the slipsti'eain when the gun is pointedbroadside. The ratio between the rack of the fixed ring 20fand the gear 16 is equal tov the ratio vbetween the gear 25 and the pinion 24 so .that 90"y movement is communicated to the gear V25 when the movable ring zhas been transversedthroughQO". Atpoints the neighborhoodv of this position of the gun'ithe springs .are givenra greater compression for a given angular movement than at positions closerV tovdead fore'and aft due to the formof the cam falce 30 of the follower 81. It is obvious' there isno Vcounterybalancing force exerted bythe springs with thegun pointeddead fore and aft,' despite ing is computed toY be approximately 900i Y acting on they crankpin 28 has no components as inthe case of other'positions.

The resisting means for the, springs v34 y ishousedsnugly within the y*cover 5 2 in par.- allel relationwith the gears 25 and `land Vclosely alongside the same so as Vto'reduc'e the-space lconsumed measured radially of the circular enclosure of the ring mount 10. It

is desired to Vemphasize the fact that all of the partsV arearranged ina rverticalV plane for the purposefoffcoinpactness radiallyV ofY the Vcircular enclosurev so that the least possibleroomiis taken upin the confined work ing space ofthe gunners cockpit. The ver-y Y tical disposition` of thenparts further enables Vthe use'fof the housing'as a place Yfor a body 'Y Vrest forthe `gunner vas Willhereinafter appear. The *vertical'disposition' ofthe'main Ldrive gear has been found tobe of advantage also in that thereiis no possibility of the gear coming'out of mesh wththe resisting means under load as .hasbeen' found to be often` times the case, due to an 4abnormalamount of play between lthe fixed and` the'movable rings of the gunV mount.

jectto the' objection'of causing a binding between thelrings of the gun mount and of as there is usually suiicient latera-l'play bervtween the rings. Y

The factfth'at-th'e gun and its'mount are manipulatedby twisting trunk movements of theV body dictates the useVV of :abody-rest `ll5 for theV gunner and ourjinvention provides for a body rest on the wind compensator .A which may be provided either on the hous-V ing ofthe rcoii'ipensator itself oi' by an auxiln Y Wind compensatorsof the type .heretofore providedare subiary rest adjustably and'reinovahly mount ed on the 'housing' of the compensator'. In

portions 45 `r`provided "on the' back ofjtlie l i cover 321to' give in eifect'a n'onskid' surface while not rendering the bearing against Y( the compensator uncomfortable'tothe gunner. Where more roomr is available in Y the gunners cockpit or YWherev the gunners personal preferencesr dictate the use of an Y 12o. Fig. 4 therev appearv intermittent lraised Y' be .applied to the compensator. It is preferably of heavy sheet metal construction generally channel shaped with intermediate plain portions and projecting lateral portions at opposite ends. The plain portion overlies the back of the cover 32 where a non-slrid surface is' preferably provided by punehing a plurality of lightening holes 47 and turning up the edges of the holes asindicated at 4S to roughen the surface. Besides serving to roughen the surface, the Hanging of the edges oi' the holes 47 strengthens the body rest against buckling when the rest is not in contact with the back of the cover 32. c

The holes 47 occur in such relation as to register with the spots where the inter# mittent raised portions 45 occur when the back rest is in contact with the cover 32. A pair or' rods 49 are pivot'ed at the ends ot the rest 46 as indicated at .50 and engage in bearings 51 at opposite ends of the housingv 23 'for adjustment fore and ait to bring the rest- 46 closer to or 'farther from the gun 11 with either end more or less advanced as desired by the gunner. The latter kind o1" adjust-ment is necessitated by the fact that the gunner` ordinarily stands with one toot forward and having his body necessarily somewhat diagonally' of the cockpit. rEhe rods 49 lit loosely in the bearings 51 to permit oi' independent adjustment of either of the rods and are provided with spaced noches52 in which leaf springs '53 engage to lock the rest in its adjustedposition. The gunner can raise the spring with one hand and move the end lof therrest with the other hand to the eesired degree of adjustment. The ends or the rest extend forwardly and curve rearwardly as shown at 54 to limit the moi-*ement orn the gunners body with respect to the compensator while at the same time avoiding the possibility of his catching his clothing or his parachute harness straps on the ends otl the rest. A further provision to prevent entanglement with the wind compressor is a guard 55 on the housing 23 enclosing the @ear 16 from the cockpit side.

The compensator is arranged for quick detachable `connection with the movable ring 18 of the ring mount 10. Two sliding connections such as that shown at 56 are pro# vided at opposite ends of the housing 23 by T-lugs 57 riveted on the inner depending wall of the ring 18 engaging in l'slots, provided on the adjacent face of the housing The compensator is moved into po* sition vertically relative to the ring mount with the lugs engaged in the slots described until dowels 58 at opposite ends of the housing 23 ride into holes 59 provided in the upper wall of the movable ring 18 oi the ring mount 10. At the same time a pair of T-lugs 60 engage in narrow slots 61 in the upper wall of the movable ring 18.

to the ring which might occur with the fresisting means under `load and tending to unmesh the gear 16. The id'owel's 58 lhold the compensator against movement in :any direction in a horizontal Vplane and the T-lugs 60 lock the wind compensator in :position preventing its vertical movement toward removal from the ring mount;V

As indicated in F ig. 1 the T-lubs 57, holes 59, slots 61 and opening 17 are duplicated diametrically opposite the indicated position oi' the wind compensator under the gun 11 to permit the placing of the wind compensator under the gun where that is desired either from the consideration that there insufiicient room in the cockpit :or where the gui'incr for yother reasons desires this location. 1n the position of the compensator designated in Figi, the rest 14 or the'r'est afforded by the compensator itself kserves as a back rest, but in the event or' the com,- pensator being located underfthe gun 11, the rest 14 or the' rest provided by the'coinpensa-tor itself will serve as a stomach rest which may be found desirable especially in training the gun Vdown and oil" the side of the cockpit.

We claim:

1. In combination, a gun ring mount comprising an upper movable ringand a lower fixed ring, and a wind compensator mounted on the upper movable ring and having a main drive Gear vertically disposed and operating on a rack on the lower fixed ring.

2. In combination, .a gun ring mount comprising an upper movable ring and .a lower fixed ring, and a wind compensator mounted .on the upper movable ring and having a main `drive gear vertically disposed and operating on a rack on the lower fixed ring, said rack being provided by a circular series of holes formed in said lower ring. 3. In combination,v a gun ring mount, comprisingan upper movable ringand a lower fixed ring and a wind compensator mounted on th-e upper movable ring, and having a main drive gear projecting vertically through an Vopening provided inthe upper movable ring, and a rack provided on the lower fixed ring to be engaged by said gear. n 4. In a wind compensator for aircraft guns, the combination with a gun ring mount, of a main drive gear vertically arranged with respect to said mount, gearing driven therefrom .arranred parallel with re.- sp-ect thereto, and in close proximity there-- with to consume the least possible space in leo tioned gearing also disposed in parallel re- V6.In a wind'compensator for aircraftV the circle enclosure of the ring mount, and

resisting means operated from said lastmen-Y lation therewith thereof. Iig

5. In. a windv compensatorV for` aircraft and conipactly alongside guns', the combination with a gunA ring mount, of amaiii drive gear for said compensator meshing in a'rack on the fixed ring of saidV mount, a pinion servingV as an internal gear turning with. said main drive gear, an internal ring gear driven fromk said pinion, a pin eccentrically arrangedon said ring gearand resisting means placed un?" der load byfsaid .pinV in ring gear.

the turning ofl said' guns, the combination` with a gun ring mount, ofV a main drive gear for said comfl pensator meshing in a .rack on the fixed ring* i of said mount, apiiiion serving as van `in- Yternal gear turning with saidA main drive gear, an internal ring` gear drivenrfrom'said p1n1ona pin eccentrically arranged on saidV drive gear meshing in a rack on theY fixedA ring of said mount, a housing' fixed to the movable ring of said mount and providing a bearing forsaid main drivejgear, adriven gear in said housing, a pinion turning with saidLmain drive gearmeshing with said driven ge ar,'said pinion. and said gears all being vertically disposed and rotatable on horizontalV axes, resisting-means to be load# ed by said driven gear in the turning there# of, a follower Vfor loading vsaid resistingV means, and apii for operating said follower eccentrically arranged on said driven gear. v Y 2 8. Inv a ,wind compensator for aircraft guns, the combination with aring mount forran aircraft gun, of a maindrive gear meshing in a rack on the fixed ring of said mount-,a housing Vfixed to the movable ring of .said mount and providing a bearingV for said main drive gear, a driven gear in said f housing, a pinion 'turning with said main drive gear meshing with said Ydriven gear, resistingv means comprising coiled springs to bevcompressed by-said driven gear in the" turning thereof, a follower for .loading said resisting means, a pin for operating said follower eccentrically arranged on said driven gear, said resisting means being under aninitial compression, and means actingy between said housing and said resisting means to assume thefcompression offsaid resisting means, leaving said ring gearand the parts associatedtherewith'freefrom the load ofsaid resisting means. i Y

9. In a wind Vcompensator for aircraft guns, the combination of a main drivegear to be turned by meshing'engagement with a rack in the gun mount when the gun mount is turned, a housing comprising twopartsY detachably rheld together, Onepart providing a bearing for said drive gear,- a Vresisting* means in the other part of saidhousing placed under loadwhen said drive gearis turned, 'an operatingk connection between saidv resistingnieans and said drive gear,

f and means Y acting between said resisting means and the'last named part ofsaidhousing whereby the'load of saidresisting means maybe assumed by said housing part and theaforesaid operating connection relieved therefrom whereby` vsaid housing parts; are freelydetachable.

`* 10. InV a wind compensator for aircraft guns, thecombination ofV a housing made'in two. partsdetachable from one another by relative. movement of one on the other, a resisting means underV loadin the one housing part, an actuating means therefor Vin* the other housing'part and having a detachable operating connection with said Yresist-V ing means, said resistingfmeans and rthe loperating connection combining Vto 'hold' said housing parts together, andmeansto relieve the load of said resistingV means to enable relative .movement of ,the housing parts to separate the same.

2-11. In a device ofthe characterdescribed,

having;V an eccentriccrankpin thereon, a

'g yoke reciprocated thereby, resisting 'means Vcomprising'a plurality`7` of coiled compres- :sion springs" arranged side by* side to; be loaded by Vthe movement of said yoke, and

an equalizing barl serving as the abutment for said springs and pivoted. at its mid point relative tovsaidy yoke; Y

12. Ina device of" he ycharacter described, a housing, aV driven gear in said housing a housing, a driven gear in said housing having an' eccentric crankpin thereon, Y

yoke reciprocated-V thereby, 'resisting' means comprising a Yplurality of coiled compression springsarrangedV side by side to be loaded by the movement -of said yoke, and an equalizing' bar serving as the abutment for said springs and pivoted at its midpoint Vrelative to said yoke, s aid yoke having an arcuatecain` fa-ce2and said crankpin having a. roller 'thereon engaging said 'caniY face.V

Q13. Ina deviceofthe character described,

ahousing, apluralityof coiled compression springs arranged yside by side in said housing and bearing against'one end ot` said housing. a movable abutment for the other lends of said springs, a `member having means eiigagingsaid abutment to move the same'and compress said springs,-and means between said abutment and the adjacent end of said' housing for. moving said abutment free of its connection with said driven member.

1e. In a device of the character described, a housing, a plurality of coiled compression springs arranged side by side in said housing and bearing against one end 'of said housing, a movable abutment'for'the other ends of said springs, an equalizer piv- A oted at its mid point on said abutment and having the springs bearing thereon, a driven member having 'means engaging said abutment to move the same and compress said springs, and means between said abutment and the adjacent end of said housing for moving said abutment free of its connection with said driven member.

15. In a device of the character described, a housing, a plurality of coiledl compression springs arranged side by side in said housing and bearing against one 'end of said housing, a movable abutment for the other ends of said springs, a driven member having means engaging said abutment to move the. same and compress said springs, and means between said abutment and the adjacent end of said housing for moving said abutment free of its connection with said driven member, said driven member being arranged midway between the ends of said housing, and said abutment extending thereto for operating connection.

16. In a wind compensator for aircraft gun mounts, the combination of a housing .iounted on the movable ring of a gun ring mount, means in said housing operated by the movement of said movable ring relative to the fined ring of said mount, a back cover for said housing, resisting means in said cover, said cover being quickly detachable from said housing by relative' movement thereon in one direction, said resisting means serving yieldingly to urge said cover in the opposite direction, and means comprising a locking lever rotatable from the outside of said housing to compress said resisting means and relieve the load thereof to enable the disassembling movement of said cover. Y

17. In a wind compensator for aircraft gun mounts, a housing to be mounted on the movable ring, of a gun mount, a resisting means in said housing, a gear for loading said resisting means in the turning of said gun mount meshing with a rack on the fixed ring of said mount, and means for quickly detachably mounting said housing on said movable gun mount ring, comprising sliding connections between the ends of said housing and the inner face of said ring permitting vertical movement of said housing into place but preventing buckling thereof out of its vertical plane by the loading of the resisting means, a second means in the form of doweis engagingV detachably in the upper face-of said ring at opposite ends of said housing and preventing movement of said housing in any direction 1n a horizontal l plane, relativeto saidV ring, andl means comprising locking yleversengaging in the upper face off said ring, and rotatable to and fromy la locking position serving to Vhold saidhousing from vertical' movement of of said ring.

18. In combination, a ring mount, a gun thereon, and a wind compensator -on said mount diametrically opposite said gun having itshousingproviding a back rest for the'gunner, said housing having a non-skid surface on the side presented to the gunners back,-a'nd an adjustable non-skid back rest removably'-mounted onsaid wind compensator.,l v l 19. combination, a ring mount, a` gun thereon, and means on said mount diametrically opposite said gun providing a back rest for the gunner to assist him in turning the gun and mount with a twisting trunk movement of the body, said back rest being adjustable toward and away from said gun to suit the requirements of diferent gunners. l 20. In combination, a rin-g mount, a gun thereon, and means on said vmou-nt diametrically opposite said gun providing a back rest for the gunner to assist him in turni-ng the gun and mount with -a -twisting trunk movement ofthe body, said back rest being adjustable toward and-away fromsaid gun and to different extents at either side to suit the requirements of dierent gunners.

21. In combination, a ring mount, a gun thereon, a'wind compensator arranged diametrically opposite said gun on said mount, and a back rest adjustably mounted on said compensator to assist the gunner in turning the gun and mount with a twisting trunk movementv of the body.

22. In combination, a ring mount, a gun thereon, a wind compensator arranged diainetrically opposite said gun on said mount, and a back rest having rods pivoted thereto at the opposite sides thereof and adjustably received in bearings on said wind compensator.

23. In combination, a ring mount, a gun thereon, and means on said mount diametrically opposite said gun forming a back rest for the gunner, said back rest having portions of the body thereof punched out to make lightening holes, the edges of which are raised to strengthen the rest against buckling and to give a non-skid surface for the purpose described.

2e. In combination, a ring mount, a gun thereon, a wind compensator mounted on said ring mount opposite said gun and having its housing affording a back rest for the gunner, intermittent portions of the back of said housing'beingraised .to give a non-v Y skid surface, andfanauxiliary back rest ad- ,fjustably and removablyf mounted on Vsaid housinghaving yportions of the body thereof Y punchedout at intervals to make lightening holes and give'a non-skid 'eieet, said holes being Varranged to register with the raised non-skid spots `on the back of said h'ousing when. adjusted into proximity therewith. Y,

251In combination a ring mount, a gun thereon,- and means on' saidmount diamet- VVricallyopposite said gun forming a back rest Vfor .the gunner, said back vrest comprising a' plain intermediate portionV for spanf ning the Vbac-k andV having lateraltportions 'deining the sides 'of the back restwhich.

project-forwardly yand ztlien'- curve. rear-A Wardly, the whole serving toassistwthe gunner in'turning the gunY and mountw-tha twistingtrunk movement of the body.4 j

26; In a wind Compensator, the,combina tion with Va ring mount'oonsisting of an upper movable ring and `a lower fixed ring, of

' a housing for said compensator to be-supportedl on said uppermovable ring, means providing a quick detachable connection between said housing and said upper r`movable ring by movement of said housing vertically relative to said ring,andlocki-ng means vfor compensator arranged toy be removablyV mounted on 'said ring mount either diametricallyvopposite said Vgun or beneaththe same, lsaid wind compensator having its housing conformed t0 provide a rest for the gunnerA to assist inv turning the gun;Y and mount witha twistingV trunk movement of the body, rsaid-YV housing serving as a back rest in one position of said compensator andy as a stomach rest inthe other position.

r29fIncombinati'on, a gun ringY mount, a gun iexibly mounted thereon and a 'wind compensator arrangedr to be removably mounted jon said ring'mount'` either diametri'cally opposite-said gun orfbeneathY the same,'said wind compensatorlhaving its housing 'conformed to provide a restlfor'rthe the body, said VhousingservingY asia back rest 1n one position of'saidcompensatorgand 'asta stomach vrestini-the other position, and an auxiliary [rest uremovably-` mounted on saidcompensator and capable ofadjustment towardfthe center-'ofV the ring mount. 1 y f. 30. In a wind compensator,=the combina-V .gunner tof.assist inYV turning thel gun and'v f mount with a twisting trunk movement oi f tion vof a housing'arranged to be mounted on the movable ring of a gun ring mount and conformed toprovide a placeV for a rest for the gunner, a main drive gear 'vertically' disposed and operating through anA opening f in said movable ring on a rack'on said ixed ring, resisting means inside said housing op` erated by saidV drive gear,and a guardentending from said housing to kcoverfsaidv gear.

In testimony 'whereof we aiiix ouivsignatures` v y CHARLES L. iAULKUs. iiD-WIN Z. Lnsii Y 

